{"id":179,"date":"2010-03-11T09:08:04","date_gmt":"2010-03-11T08:08:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kpufo.eu\/sk\/wordpress\/index.php\/2010\/03\/11\/71\/"},"modified":"2024-02-26T01:59:03","modified_gmt":"2024-02-26T00:59:03","slug":"71","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kpufo.eu\/sk\/index.php\/2010\/03\/11\/71\/","title":{"rendered":"Tajemstv\u00ed l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edho mnicha"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Mo\u017en\u00e1 je to jen pov\u011bst &#8211; ale nejsp\u00ed\u0161 ne: <\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Cypri\u00e1n<\/em> z <em>\u010cerven\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161tera<\/em> zvan\u00fd t\u00e9\u017e <em>L\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed mnich<\/em> je skute\u010dn\u00e1 historick\u00e1 postava a v\u00fdznamn\u00fd u\u010denec slovensk\u00e9 minulosti. N\u00e1zory na to, zda skute\u010dn\u011b sestrojil l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed stroj a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b se na n\u011bm vznesl, se ale rozch\u00e1zej\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Turist\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159\u00ed do Pieninsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho parku, \u010cerven\u00fd kl\u00e1\u0161ter minou jen m\u00e1lokdy. P\u0159i jeho n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b se tak\u00e9 mohou dozv\u011bd\u011bt pov\u011bst o mnichu Cypri\u00e1novi, kter\u00fd tu provozoval alchymii, l\u00e9\u010dil sv\u00e9 spolubratry a tou\u017eil se vzn\u00e9st k nebes\u016fm jako pt\u00e1k. Postavil si pr\u00fd proto ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00fd stroj, za pomoci \u010f\u00e1bla jej dovlekl na vrchol Troch kor\u00fan a tam se odlepil od zem\u011b. Odtud pr\u00fd dolet\u011bl a\u017e k Mo\u0159sk\u00e9mu oku, d\u00e1l se zkazky o jeho osudu rozch\u00e1zej\u00ed. Podle jedn\u011bch ho hrom srazil k zemi, proto\u017ee \u010dlov\u011bku l\u00e9tat nep\u0159\u00edslu\u0161\u00ed. Podle druh\u00fdch opov\u00e1\u017elivce potrestali c\u00edrkevn\u00ed otcov\u00e9 do\u017eivotn\u00edm \u017eal\u00e1\u0159em nebo dokonce up\u00e1len\u00edm. Opravdu je mo\u017en\u00e9, aby n\u011bkdo v 18. stolet\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b l\u00e9tal?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>L\u00e9\u010ditel a alchymista<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nen\u00ed nejmen\u0161\u00ed pochyb o tom, \u017ee mnich Cypri\u00e1n je skute\u010dn\u00e1 historick\u00e1 postava. Doklady o tom jsou ke spat\u0159en\u00ed nejen v \u010cerven\u00e9m kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e, ale i na dal\u0161\u00edch m\u00edstech. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pak v Slovensk\u00e9m n\u00e1rodn\u00edm muzeu v Bratislav\u011b, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed jeho herb\u00e1\u0159 v\u00fdmluvn\u011b nadepsan\u00fd jeho jm\u00e9nem &#8211; mimochodem nejstar\u0161\u00ed d\u00edlo sv\u00e9ho druhu, kter\u00e9 se na \u00fazem\u00ed Slovenska zachovalo. Je datovan\u00fd letopo\u010dtem 1766. Ukazuje, \u017ee autor byl velmi vzd\u011blan\u00fd mu\u017e, kter\u00fd ovl\u00e1dal \u0159adu jazyk\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b latiny, \u0159e\u010dtiny, n\u011bm\u010diny, pol\u0161tiny a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i sloven\u0161tiny. Nejde toti\u017e o pouhou sb\u00edrku rostlin; autor d\u00edlo doplnil i pozoruhodn\u011b sv\u011b\u017e\u00edmi a neortodoxn\u00edmi n\u00e1zory na tehdej\u0161\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159skou v\u011bdu i na sv\u00e9 okol\u00ed. Alchymistick\u00e9 zna\u010dky, jimi\u017e je text vy\u0161perkov\u00e1n, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o tom, \u017ee Cypri\u00e1n se skute\u010dn\u011b v\u011bnoval i &#8222;hermetick\u00fdm v\u011bd\u00e1m&#8220;. V\u00ed se tak\u00e9, \u017ee Cypri\u00e1na jeho spolubrat\u0159i pova\u017eovali nejen za dobr\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159e, ale i za v\u0161eum\u011bla, kter\u00fd do jejich kl\u00e1\u0161tera p\u0159i\u0161el s velmi dobr\u00fdm vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00edm. Bezpe\u010dn\u011b je tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 datum, ve kter\u00e9m slo\u017eil slib v kamaldulsk\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1du (13. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1753) a rok kdy p\u0159i\u0161el do \u010cerven\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161tera (1756), kter\u00fd tomuto \u0159\u00e1du pat\u0159il. O jeho \u017eivot\u011b p\u0159ed t\u00edm v\u0161ak historikov\u00e9 mnoho nev\u011bd\u00ed. Teprve v minul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed se poda\u0159ilo badatel\u016fm zjistit jeho pravd\u011bpodobnou identitu. Mnich Cypri\u00e1n se p\u016fvodn\u011b jmenoval Franti\u0161ek Ign\u00e1c J\u00e4schke a narodil se 28. \u010dervence 1724 v polsk\u00e9m Slezsku. Jeho otec byl ve Wroclawi krej\u010dovsk\u00fdm mistrem. M\u00e1 se za to, \u017ee vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00edskal nejen ve Wroclavi, ale i v It\u00e1lii.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Letadlo na hranici inkvizice<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spojit \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho l\u00e9\u010ditele, milovn\u00edka p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd i alchymie s \u010f\u00e1blem nen\u00ed pro lidovou obrazotvornost nic t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho. Cypri\u00e1na v\u0161ak v \u010cerven\u00e9m kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e p\u0159edch\u00e1zelo n\u011bkolik jin\u00fdch mnich\u016f s podobn\u00fdmi z\u00e1libami, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z nich v\u0161ak nevstoupil do legend. Pokud n\u011bkdo skute\u010dn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 postav\u011b p\u0159ipsal pokusy o sestrojen\u00ed letadla, pak k tomu nejsp\u00ed\u0161 m\u011bl n\u011bjak\u00fd konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed d\u016fvod. Je proto velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee v pov\u011bsti o l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edm stroji na Slovensku 18. stolet\u00ed se mus\u00ed ukr\u00fdvat alespo\u0148 zrnko pravdy. Mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u0161ak je j\u00ed v\u00edc, ne\u017e by se mohlo zd\u00e1t. Existuje zpr\u00e1va poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z doby okolo roku 1760, podle kter\u00e9 byl ve Spi\u0161sk\u00e9 Bel\u00e9 na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed z p\u0159\u00edkazu nitransk\u00e9ho arcibiskupa sp\u00e1len \u010dertovsk\u00fd l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed stroj. I tady se opakuje historka o \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9m letu z T\u0159\u00ed korun k Mo\u0159sk\u00e9mu oku. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 je zm\u00ednka sv\u011bdka o tom, \u017ee exekuci nebyl p\u0159\u00edtomen ani arcibiskup, ani Cypri\u00e1n. Sv\u011bdectv\u00ed bezprost\u0159edn\u00edho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edka &#8222;up\u00e1len\u00ed&#8220; letadla vypad\u00e1 p\u016fsobiv\u011b, m\u00e1 to v\u0161ak jeden h\u00e1\u010dek. Dnes je text zn\u00e1m\u00fd pouze ze zm\u00ednky levo\u010dsk\u00e9ho historika Elem\u00e9ra Koszeghyho. O tom, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed origin\u00e1l, nen\u00ed nic zn\u00e1mo. Stejn\u011b tak se nev\u00ed mnoho o tom, co po \u00fadajn\u00e9 exekuci postihlo samotn\u00e9ho Cypri\u00e1na. V\u011bt\u0161ina pramen\u016f se shoduje v tom, \u017ee musel opustit \u010cerven\u00fd kl\u00e1\u0161ter a zem\u0159el ve v\u011bzen\u00ed n\u011bkdy roku 1774 nebo 1775. Nechyb\u00ed ale ani n\u00e1zor, \u017ee jej nechala usmrtit p\u0159\u00edmo inkvizice.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Ve stop\u00e1ch mistra Leonarda?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">P\u0159edstava, \u017ee by n\u011bkdo mohl v 18. stolet\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b l\u00e9tat, nebo alespo\u0148 plachtit vzduchem, vypad\u00e1 na prvn\u00ed pohled kuri\u00f3zn\u011b. Ve skute\u010dnosti ale mnoh\u00e9 nasv\u011bd\u010duje tomu, \u017ee o napodoben\u00ed pt\u00e1k\u016f usilovali odv\u00e1\u017en\u00ed jedinci u\u017e d\u0159\u00edv na mnoha m\u00edstech Evropy nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b. Zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm snahy renesan\u010dn\u00edho g\u00e9nia Leonarda da Vinci sestrojit letadlo, vrtuln\u00edk a pad\u00e1k. Z jeho z\u00e1pisk\u016f vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee u\u017e roku 1505 byl pevn\u011b rozhodnut st\u00e1t se prvn\u00edm letcem historie. Probl\u00e9mu letu se v\u011bnoval nejv\u00edce mezi l\u00e9ty 1483 a\u017e 1505. Z tohoto obdob\u00ed se zachovaly des\u00edtky jeho skic cel\u00fdch letoun\u016f i jejich technick\u00fdch detail\u016f. Nechyb\u00ed ani pozn\u00e1mka o zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch model\u016f. Ale nejen to. Historickou skute\u010dnost\u00ed je z\u00e1pis jist\u00e9ho Girolama Cardana, podle kter\u00e9ho &#8222;Leonardo da Vinci se pokusil vzl\u00e9tnout, ale dopadl \u0161patn\u011b&#8220;. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 soud\u00ed, \u017ee Leonard\u016fv letoun (\u010di sp\u00ed\u0161e kluz\u00e1k) tajn\u011b vyzkou\u0161el jeho \u017e\u00e1k Tommaso Masini. Chvilku \u00fadajn\u011b plachtil, a pak se z\u0159\u00edtil do hlubiny. Pokud je pravdou, \u017ee Cypri\u00e1n studoval v It\u00e1lii, pak je p\u0159i jeho zv\u00eddavosti t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nemo\u017en\u00e9, aby se tu nesetkal s Leonardov\u00fdm odkazem. Zda p\u0159i tom narazil i na jeho pl\u00e1ny letadel, to u\u017e je pouze v\u011bc\u00ed fantazie, kterou nelze dolo\u017eit. Nen\u00ed p\u0159i tom bez zaj\u00edmavosti, \u017ee do \u00fapln\u011b stejn\u00e9 doby, kdy p\u016fsobil Cypri\u00e1n, spad\u00e1 i pov\u011bst o V\u00edtu Fu\u010d\u00edkovi, kter\u00fd v 60. letech 18. stolet\u00ed \u00fadajn\u011b podnikal \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 pokusy u Vod\u0148an v ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch. I v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se jednalo o prokazateln\u011b historickou osobnost, zachovala se i vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed popisuj\u00edc\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 detaily jeho letounu. Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 doklady o tom, \u017ee Fu\u010d\u00edk m\u011bl probl\u00e9my s vrchnost\u00ed, kv\u016fli jak\u00e9musi bl\u00ed\u017ee nespecifikovan\u00e9mu kac\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed. Ale ani komise, kterou na &#8222;m\u00edsto \u010dinu&#8220; vyslalo ve 20. letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed Ministerstvo obrany tehdej\u0161\u00ed \u010cSR, nena\u0161la nezpochybniteln\u00fd d\u016fkaz, \u017ee Fu\u010d\u00edk opravdu l\u00e9tal. S Cypri\u00e1nem tedy m\u00e1 p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b mnoho spole\u010dn\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Jan A. Nov\u00e1k<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ze str\u00e1nek : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.novakoviny.eu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.novakoviny.eu<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 je to jen pov\u011bst &#8211; ale nejsp\u00ed\u0161 ne:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2695,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[35,45,38,22],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kpufo.eu\/sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/179"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kpufo.eu\/sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kpufo.eu\/sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kpufo.eu\/sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kpufo.eu\/sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=179"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/kpufo.eu\/sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/179\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1859,"href":"https:\/\/kpufo.eu\/sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/179\/revisions\/1859"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kpufo.eu\/sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2695"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kpufo.eu\/sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=179"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kpufo.eu\/sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=179"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kpufo.eu\/sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=179"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}